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| Tennessee Tuxedo. "Cyber Ethics". 14 March 2015 via Wikipedia CC BY-SA 4.0 |
Ciolli A. Mandatory school vaccinations: the role of tort law. Yale J Bio Med. 2008; 81(3): 129- 137
Ciolli discusses ways how individuals who are exempt from mandatory school vaccinations will be protected. He "will propose using tort law as a mechanism for prevention and victim compensation while still preserving religious and philosophical exemptions to mandatory school vaccinations" (129). He does this by describing the different ways that exemptions occur. He also points to the dangers of religious and philosophical exemptions. He includes details about how class action lawsuits or lawsuits against specific individuals could act as a method to compensate individuals who are harmed from individuals that were exempt from vaccinations. More analysis from Ciolli could be added my to paper to expand the ideas of both sides of the controversy.
Source 2: http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/02/schools-may-solve-the-anti-vaccine-parenting-deadlock/385208/
Urist J. How schools are dealing with anti-vaccine parents. The Atlantic. 2015 Feb
Urist discusses the troubles of certain states that allow families to not follow the vaccination requirements through philosophical exemptions. Currently, "all 50 states require specific vaccines for school-aged children." 19 of the 50 allow parents the option to not have their be vaccinated based on these exemptions. Urist provides an example of how one school in Michigan took a stance against the parents who did not have their acquire the proper vaccinations and ultimately refused to accept the students that exempt. Urist includes more examples of different schools and how they dealt with the parents who did not want their children vaccinated. I could use more examples from the article to add to paper to show both sides stick to their beliefs and show both sides' viewpoints.
Source 3:
http://ajph.aphapublications.org.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302190
Wang E, Clymer J, Davis-Haynes C, Buttenheim A. Nonmedical exemptions from school immunization requirements: a systemic review. Am J. Public Health. 2014; 104(11): 62-84
The authors "summarized studies describing the prevalence of, trends in, and correlates of nonmedical exemptions from school vaccination mandates and the association of these policies with the incidence of vaccine-preventable disease" (1). They researched databases to find information about the individuals who were exempt and find out their beliefs in why they chose not having vaccinations. There research included finding data from the years 1997 to 2013, data used to "capture exemption dynamics in the most recent period of vaccine hesitancy and refusal" (63). Their evidence on nonmedical exemptions showed that their increase led to an increase in vaccine-prevented diseases. More of the data found in this article could be used in my paper to help show the increase in exemptions affects the impact of the controversy.
Source 4:
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/science/article/pii/S0264410X14014686
Lai YK, Nadeau J, McNutt LA, Shaw J. Variation in exemptions to school immunization requirement among New York State private and public schools. Vaccine. 2014; 32(52): 7070-7076
The authors discussed a study that dealt with the issue if private schools, secular or religious, had individuals who were more exempt from mandatory vaccinations than the other. This retrospective study utilizes the New York State Department of Health Immunization Survey data from the 2003 through 2012 academic years" (7070). Overall, once the study concluded, "medical and religious exemption rates increases over time and higher rates were observed among New York State private schools compared to public schools" (7070). The data in this article can be used in my paper to help my argument for the individuals who have their children be exempt from required vaccinations. More specifically, the data can compare the different types of schools and the religious beliefs of the schools and see how the data can be used to expand the viewpoints of that one side of the controversy.
Source 5:
https://twitter.com/DrJoMD, http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/07/14/california-enacts-vaccine-law.aspx?utm_content=buffer3d6c9&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer (link provided in her tweet)
Tillman, Bessie Jo (DrJoMD). "Is this alright with you? Vaccine Law: Children Without #Vaccine Are Denied From School." 15 July 2015, 7:57 a.m. Tweet.
Mercola.com [Internet]. [updated 2015 Jul 14; cited 2015 Jul 16]. Available from: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/07/14/california-enacts-vaccine-law.aspx? utm_content=buffer3d6c9&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
Fisher elaborates on the recent news of the state of California enacting a vaccine law that forces parents to choose between human rights and civil rights. She also includes other studies of states that had citizens push back against proposed vaccine-related bills and win. The article includes Fisher's motive to stand against the new proposed California vaccine law and urges individuals to get involved in the stance against the new law requiring vaccinations. The information in this article could possibly be used in my paper to support the opposing view of the mandatory vaccination requirements.
Source 6: https://twitter.com/AmeshAA, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/15/us-health-vaccines-hpv-idUSKCN0PO2CQ20150715 (link provided in his tweet)
Adalja, Amesh (AmeshAA). "Only three U.S. states mandate recommended #HPV #vaccine for school entry." 15 July 2015, 6:22 a.m. Tweet
Reuters [Internet]. [updated 2015 Jul 15; cited 2015 Jul 16]. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/15/us-health-vaccines-hpv-idUSKCN0PO2CQ20150715
Doyle examined the three states in the U.S., Virginia, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. that "have laws requiring kids to have the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine to attend school." The article mentions how studies conducted by the CDC, who implemented the need for these states to issue HPV vaccination requirements for these states. A CDC spokesperson reported that after the issuing of the vaccination that "there has been a 56 percent reduction in vaccine type HPV infections among teen girls in the U.S." The goal of the study was for more states to open discussions about implementing the same mandates for the HPV vaccinations. The information provided in the article could potentially be used in my paper to provide information and have data that supports the group of individuals that support the vaccine requirements for school-aged children.
Source 7: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/health/vaccinations-are-states-call.html
Grady D. Vaccinations are states' call. New York Times. 2015 Feb 16.
Grady discussed the issue of how government officials can require citizens to receive vaccines, but the authority to do so belongs to individual states rather than the federal government. "There is a common misconception that the federal government controls the vaccinations requirements"... But federal authority applies only with matters of national concern, such as border crossings or immigration." Grady included quotes, from a university faculty director for health, how "states have the power to vaccinate and they do not have to grant an exemption on religious grounds." A study was conducted showing how states that have easy procedures for granting nonmedical exemptions had a significantly higher rate of a vaccine-preventable disease. A solution that could be provided would include states getting rid of personal and philosophical exemptions and only allowing religious exemptions, but them having to be strictly enforced. Some analysis from this article could be used in paper to clarify the support of vaccinations where at the same time the opposing viewpoint of this controversy will also be shared.
Source 8:
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/02/unvaccinated_kindergartener_rates_states_need_to_tighten_religious_and_philosophical.html
Woodruff, B. These states need to tighten their vaccination rules. Slate. 2015 Feb.
Woodruff shared in her article how, Connecticut being one of her examples, "since the 2003-2004 school year, per the Hartford Courant, the number of requests for religious exemption from the school-attendance vaccination requirement has tripled." She, like other people, believe that states like Connecticut that are allowing more exemptions from vaccinations need to tighten their vaccination rules and enforce stricter laws preventing more cases like this. She used data conducted from different states showing the percentages of states that had their exemption rates increase and used that data to show how these states need to change their laws. Lawmakers from Washington and Oregon created new legislation to combat this issue. In March 2014, a new law went into effect requiring parents to talk to a health care provider or watch an "online interactive educational module" on vaccines before they can claim a religious exemption." States that have this type of legislation have seen opt-out rates decrease. Information given in this article could be used in my paper to show how more knowledge about vaccinations can enlighten individuals about the facts of vaccines and they can be beneficial.
Source 9: http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/20/378630798/parents-who-shun-vaccines-tend-to-cluster-boosting-childrens-risk
NPR [Internet]. [updated 2015 Jan 20; cited 2015 Jul 17]. Available from: http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/20/378630798/parents-who-shun-vaccines- tend-to-cluster-boosting-childrens-risk
Gross stated in her article that "although vaccines are among the safest, most effective ways to protect children from major communicable diseases, some parents still doubt this. As a result, some choose immunization schedules that defy science or refuse to vaccinate altogether." There was a study conducted that had compiled data showing the proportion of children who had received no vaccines and for children that had missed one or more shots. These studies were conducted to show individuals who were not vaccinated or under vaccinated tended to live in clusters and certain areas of these clusters had higher rater of major communicable diseases. The overall message for this study was to show individuals how this issue should not be taken lightly and getting vaccinations can help many more people than it hurts. The information in this article could be used in my paper to strengthen the case of the vaccine supporters and show getting vaccines is safer option than opting out of getting them.
Source 10: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/03/mandatory-measles-vaccines_n_6601564.html
Huffington Post [Internet]. [2015 Feb 4; cited 2015 Jul 17]. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/03/mandatory-measles-vaccines_n_6601564.html
Almendrala discussed in her article the importance for children having mandatory measles vaccinations. She discusses reasons why exemptions from vaccinations is the main reason why the numbers are so high for cases of individuals having measles. Her article contains a map showing the easiest vaccine opt-out states and how these numbers affect where diseases are occurring. The key for parents to have their children vaccinated come from "face-to-face interactions with health care providers", which contributes to "influential decision for a parent". Almendrala examines more data showing the number of cases of diseases-stricken areas caused in large part of people not vaccinating their children due to exemptions. This will provide information that I could use to show how states that have more lenient vaccination opt-out laws contribute to higher proportions of diseases.
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